英语过去完成时的用法总结
英语时态是一个很重要的知识点，今天我们就来学习英语时态的其中一种-过去完成时吧！
英语过去完成时的用法
过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即“过去的过去”;也可以指过去的动作延续到过去的某个时刻。这里的过去时间可以用某个时间状语表示，也可以通过上下文表示。
1. 表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，也有可能早已结束或完成。例如:
When he was in Beijing, he visited places where he had played as a child. 他在北京的时候游览了他儿时曾玩过的地方。
2. 表示一个过去的动作先于另一过去的动作的用法，这种情况多见于宾语从句。例如:
He remembered that he had left the key at home. 他记得他把钥匙落家了。
3. 表示一个动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且到那时还未结束，仍有继续下去的可能性。例如:
By seven o’clock the worker had worked for ten hours. 到七点钟为止，那位工人已经工作十个小时了。
4. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本……，未能……”。例如:
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.我们本希望你能来，但是你没来。
5. 过去完成时与一般过去时的区别:
(1) 过去完成时与一般过去时都可以和确定的过去时间状语连用，但意思有明显区别。试比较:
He had finished his homework by eight. 他到八点钟的时候已经完成家庭作业了。
He finished his homework at eight. 他在八点钟完成了家庭作业。
(2) 用在宾语从句中，主句谓语为一般过去时的宾语从句中，既可用一般过去时，也可用过去完成时。但两种时态的意义明显不同。试比较:
He said he was a soldier. 他说他是位军人。
He said he had been a soldier. 他说他曾当过兵。
(3) 在含有before的主从复合句中，一般情况下，在从句中使用一般过去时，主句中使用过去完成时。例如:
Jack had finished his homework before he went out shopping. 杰克在购物前已经完成了他的家庭作业。
注:before本身就能明确地表示时间的先后关系，故多数主从句均使用一般过去时，而无需使用过去完成时。例如:
Some people left for home before the film ended. 电影尚未放完，有些人就起身回家了。
英语过去完成时的例句
1. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
2. The children ran away because they had broken the window.
2. By the time he was twenty, he had written five novels.
3. How many English songs had you learnt by the end of last term?
4. As soon as the sun had set, we returned to our hotel.
5. How long had Brown lived in the south before he came here?
6. When he had eaten his lunch he asked for a glass of water.
7. I hadn’t understood the problem until the teacher explained it.
8. They had just got home when it began to rain.
9. I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
10. He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.
11. Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine
12. I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.
13. I returned the book that I had borrowed.
14. I met Tom yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.
15. I thought I had sent the letter a week before.
16. When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.
17. We had hoped to be able to come and see you, but you were not at home.
18. It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.
19. We had learned over two thousand En
glish words by the end of last term.
20. They had planted six hundred trees by last Wednesday.
过去式和过去完成时的区别
1、过去完成时表示的是过去的过去所发生的事情，可能一直持续到过去/现在或者其影响持续到现在。按此理解，这里的意思是“在她打的之前(这里是过去)”就一直在下雨，而且一直持续到她打的之后。
2、用一般过去时，强调的是一个事件/动作，而不是强调某一事件/动作的持续性。按此理解，“在她打的之前开始下雨”，仅仅只是表达了这么一个事实而已;或者你可以理解为“她刚要打的就开始下雨了“这么一个瞬间发生的事情，所以不能用完成时态。 综上所述，以上填had begun和began肯定都是对的咯!
习题
1. 单项选择
1.He asked me __A___ during the summer holidays.
A. where I had been B. where I had gone C. where had I been D. where had I gone
2. What _D___ Jane ____ by the time he was sever?
A. did, do B. has, done C did, did. D. had, done
3. I ___C___ 900 English words by the time I was ten。
A. learned B. was learning C. had learned D. learnt
4. She ___A___lived here for ______ years.
A. had, a few B. has, several C. had, a lot of D. has, a great deal of
5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I __A___ the dinner already.
A had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cooked
6. She said she __D________ the principle already
A .has seen B. saw C. will see D. had seen
7. She said her family __B_____ themselves ______ the army during the war.
A. has hidden, from B. had hidden, from C. has hidden, with D. had hidden, with
8. By the time he was ten years old, he ___D______.
A. has completed university B. has completed the university
B. had completed an university D. had completed university
9. She had written a number of books ___C___ the end of last year.
A. for B. in C. by D. at
10. He __B___ to play ____ before he was 11 years old.
A had learned, piano B. had learned, the piano
C. has learned, the piano D. learns ,piano.
11. What __D_____ Annie ____ by the time he was ten?
A. did, do B. did, did C. has, done D. had done
12 .He _C__ in the factory for three years before he joined the Army.
A. has worked B. works C. had worked D. will work
13. By the end of last week, they _D___ the bridge.
A. has completed B. completed C. will complete D. had completed
14. Ben hates playing _D____ violin, but he likes playing ____ football.
A. a…the B. the… the C. / …the D. the…/
15. By the time he was 4, he _A_____ a lot of German words.
A. had learned B. has learned C. learned D. learns
16 .Jim turned off the lights and then __D___ the classroom.
A. was left B. had left C. has left D. left
17.They ____C_____ in Guangzhou since 2000.
A. lived B. had lived C. have lived D. were living
18. The train from Beijing__C_____ ten minutes ago.
A. has arrived B. was arriving C. arrived D. had arrived
19. The students ___B______ their classroom when the visitors arrived.
A . have cleaned B. had cleaned C. was cleaned D. have been cleaned
20. Fergie__B_____ the project in one hour.
A. have finished B. will finish C. finishes D. has finished
21. The man ___A_____ his coat and went out.
A. put on B. had put on C. will put on D. was putting on
22 My mother_____ in that factory at the age of 18.
A. had worked B. has worked C. worked D. works
23. Dad _C_______ while he _______ TV.
A .fell asleep…watch B. was falling asleep…watched
C. fell asleep……was watching D. had fallen asleep…watched
2.用动词的适当形式填空
1. We ___had painted____ (paint) the house before we moved________ (move) in.
2. That rich old man __had made___ (make) a will before he died(die).
3. They __had studyed_ (study) the map of the country before they _left___ (leave).
4. The robbers _had run away____ (run away ) before the policemen arrived (arrive).
5. I __turned off_____ (turn off) all the lights before I __went___ (go) to bed.
6. Paul went (go) out with Jane after he _made _____ (make) a phone call.
7. Tom ___said__ (say) he had read_______ (read) the book twice.
8. Our plan ____failed_ (fail ) because we _had made______ (make) a bad mistake.
9. When the chairman ___finished_____ (finish) speaking, he ____left____ (leave)the hall.
10.The Reads were having (have) lunch when I ___got_____(get) to their house.
11.When I __arrived________(arrive) at the station, he ___had left_____(leave).
12..We _____had learned___(learn) about 4000 English words by the end of last term.
13. I waited until he __finished_____(finish) his homework.
14. We were surprised at what she _had____already __done____(do)
15.She _didn't go___(not go) to Qingdao because she ___had went____ (go) there before.
16. He __hasn't told (not tell) you the news yet.
17. He said he __had______already___given___(give) the book to the teacher.
18. I ____have been_____(be) to Shanghai before.
19. She told me she ___had been_______(be) to Sanya three times.
20.She __was playing________(play) the guitar while her sister__was singing______(sing).
3.句型转换
1.I had sold the ticket when she came.(改否定句)
I did not have sold the ticket when she came.
2.She had sung a song to us before she danced.(改否定句)
She didn't have sung a song to us before she danced.
3.They began to climbed the mountain after they had bought all the food and drink.(否定)
They did not begin to climbed the mountain after they had bought all the food and drink.
4.By 10:00 a.m, I had been very hungry. (改一般疑问)
Had you been very hungry by 10:00 am?
5.Lucy had already completed the project when I arrived.(改一般疑问)
Had lucy already completed the project when I arrived.
6.By the time he got to the airport, the plane had taken off. (改一般疑问)
Had th eplane taken off by the time he got to the airport?
7..He had broken his arm when I saw him.(对划线部分提问)
How was he when you saw him?
8.When he had read the note, he ate it. (对划线部分提问)
What did he do when he had the note?
9..Jack didn’t go to the cinema because he had seen the film. (对划线部分提问)
Why did Jack not go to the cinema?
10.We had had the toys for ten years before we gave them to the child. (对划线部分提问)
How long did you have had the toys before you gave them to the child?
11.She had written the book by the end of 1960. (对划线部分提问)
What had she written by the end of 1960?
12.We cooked the dumplings. We ate them up. (用过去完成时连接两句)
We ate the dumplings after we had cooked them.
13.Jim’s father mended the car. It was broken. (用过去完成时连接两句)
The car had broken before Jim's father manded it.
14.We had our tests. Then we had a long holiday.( 用过去完成时连接两句)
After we ___had had hour teats________, we ___had a long holiday___________
15.He showed us a picture. Then he showed us around the house. 用过去完成时连接两句)
Before he ___had showed us around the house_______, he_______showed us a picture________
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关于英语过去完成时的用法
关于英语过去完成时的用法
过去完成时(The Past Perfect Tense)：表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果。那么你们了解吗?有没有掌握呢?接下来小编在这里给大家带来英语过去完成时的用法，我们一起来看看吧!
英语过去完成时的用法
过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即“过去的过去”;也可以指过去的动作延续到过去的某个时刻。这里的过去时间可以用某个时间状语表示，也可以通过上下文表示。
1. 表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，也有可能早已结束或完成。例如：
When he was in Beijing, he visited places where he had played as a child. 他在北京的时候游览了他儿时曾玩过的地方。
2. 表示一个过去的动作先于另一过去的动作的用法，这种情况多见于宾语从句。例如：
He remembered that he had left the key at home. 他记得他把钥匙落家了。
3. 表示一个动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且到那时还未结束，仍有继续下去的可能性。例如：
By seven o’clock the worker had worked for ten hours. 到七点钟为止，那位工人已经工作十个小时了。
4. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本……，未能……”。例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.我们本希望你能来，但是你没来。
5. 过去完成时与一般过去时的区别：
(1) 过去完成时与一般过去时都可以和确定的过去时间状语连用，但意思有明显区别。试比较：
He had finished his homework by eight. 他到八点钟的时候已经完成家庭作业了。
He finished his homework at eight. 他在八点钟完成了家庭作业。
(2) 用在宾语从句中，主句谓语为一般过去时的宾语从句中，既可用一般过去时，也可用过去完成时。但两种时态的意义明显不同。试比较：
He said he was a soldier. 他说他是位军人。
He said he had been a soldier. 他说他曾当过兵。
(3) 在含有before的主从复合句中，一般情况下，在从句中使用一般过去时，主句中使用过去完成时。例如：
Jack had finished his homework before he went out shopping. 杰克在购物前已经完成了他的家庭作业。
注：before本身就能明确地表示时间的先后关系，故多数主从句均使用一般过去时，而无需使用过去完成时。例如：
Some people left for home before the film ended. 电影尚未放完，有些人就起身回家了。
英语过去完成时的例句
1. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
2. The children ran away because they had broken the window.
2. By the time he was twenty, he had written five novels.
3. How many English songs had you learnt by the end of last term?
4. As soon as the sun had set, we returned to our hotel.
5. How long had Brown lived in the south before he came here?
6. When he had eaten his lunch he asked for a glass of water.
7. I hadn’t understood the problem until the teacher explained it.
8. They had just got home when it began to rain.
9. I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
10. He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.
11. Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine
12. I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.
13. I returned the book that I had borrowed.
14. I met Tom yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.
15. I thought I had sent the letter a week before.
16. When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.
17. We had hoped to be able to come and see you, but you were not at home.
18. It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.
19. We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
20. They had planted six hundred trees by last Wednesday.
英语语法里过去完成时的用法
英语语法里过去完成时的用法
学习啦：过去完成时与现在完成时的用法基本相同，不同的是时间往过去推一步。下面我们一起看看这篇《过去完成时的用法》。
过去完成时，主要表示在过去某个时刻(说话人说话时)之前已经发生过的动作或者存在的状况。
例如：
Yesterday morning he told me that he had received two letters of admission.
昨天上午他告诉我他已经收到了两封录取信。
(含义：这下他可以放心了，可能还会收到更多。)
Before Jane came to China, she had learned Chinese for 8 months.
在来中国之前，珍妮已经学过8个月中文。
(含义：她来中国时就能说一些中文了。)
They asked me whether I had given up halfway.
他们问我是否我已经半途放弃了。
(含义：他们对此很关注，如果我已经放弃，就劝我继续捡起来。)
模仿练习：
1.昨天晚上她说她已经找到了那块手表。
2.在汤姆来杭州前，他已经学过6个月的普通话。
3.妈妈问我是否我把书包丢了。
参考答案：
1.Yesterday evening she said that she had found her wacth.
2.BeforeTom came to Hangzhou, he had learned Mandarin for 6 moths.
3.Mother asked me whether I had lost my schoolbag.
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关于英语语法中的过去完成时
首先，我们来看看什么是过去完成时。接下来，小编给大家准备了关于英语语法中的过去完成时,欢迎大家参考与借鉴。
关于英语语法中的过去完成时
一、 什么叫过去完成时?它是怎样构成的?
过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，也可能是早已完成或结束，即“过去的过去”;也可以指过去的动作延续到过去的某个时刻。
过去完成时由“had1 +动词的过去分词”构成， had通常用于任何人称。
二、 过去完成时有哪些用法?
过去完成时主要有以下几点用法：
1. 表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态。句中常用by， before， when， until2等词引导的时间状语。它是以过去某一时间为起点，所以过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”。只有和过去某时间或某动作相比较时才能用到它。例如：
Most of the guests3 had left when he arrived at the party. 当他到达晚会时，他发现大多数客人已经离开了。
2.过去完成时还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去，常与for， since4等词连用。例如：
When Jack5 arrived, he learned6 Mary had been away for almost7 an hour. 当杰克到时，他得知玛丽已经离开快一个小时了。
3. 用于并列句：一个并列句用的是过去式，如果另一个并列句表示的动作早于过去式这一动作，这时需用过去完成时。例如：
Tom flew8 home, but his father had already9 died10.汤姆乘飞机回家，他的父亲却已经去世了。
4. 某些动词的过去完成时表示过去未实现的希望、计划或打算。常用的动词有hope11， expect12， suppose13， think， want， wish等。例如：
They had hoped14 to be able15 to arrive before ten. 他们本来打算能在10点之前到达。
5. 在before， after， as16 soon as等引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间先后，所以可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。例如：
三、 一般过去时和过去完成时用法有哪些不同?
1. 在主从复合句中的用法不同
(1) 用在宾语从句中
在主句谓语为一般过去时的宾语从句中，既可用一般过去时，也可用过去完成时。但两种时态的意义明显不同。试比较下列两组句子：
She said17 she was18 a doctor. 她说她是位医生。(说话时仍为医生)
She said she had been a doctor.她说她曾当过医生。(说话时已不是)
She said she had been a doctor for twenty years.她说她当过20年的医生。(主要强调说话时已当过20年医生，此状态可能已经结束，也可能还没有)
但是，如果从句中有表示具体时间的状语，则常用一般过去时。例如：
He said he was born19 in 1986. 他说他是 1986年出生的。
(2) 用在含有after的主从复合句中
在含有after的主从复合句中，一般在从句中使用过去完成时，主句中使用一般过去时。例如：
After he had done his homework, he went out to play football.
因连词after本身能明确表示时间的先后关系，因而多数的主句和从句均使用一般过去时。例如：
After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve20 his English.
(3) 用在含有before的主从复合句中
用在含有before的主从复合句中，一般在从句中使用一般过去时，主句中使用过去完成时。例如：
Lily21 had written some letters before she went out shopping.
有时，也可以在从句中用过去完成时，主句中用一般过去时，这样就可使描述更为生动。试比较：
We got22 to the station before the train had left. 火车尚未开动之前，我们就到了车站。
We had got to the station before the train left. 火车开出之前，我们就已经到了车站。
像after一样， before本身就能明确地表示时间的先后关系，故多数主从句均使用一般过去时，而无需使用过去完成时。例如：
Many people left for home before the film ended.电影尚未放完，许多人就起身回家了。
(4) 用在含有when的主从复合句中
由于when本身不能明确表示时间的先后关系，故先发生的动作应用过去完成时，后发生的动作只需用一般过去时。这样用过去完成时的可能是主句，也可能是从句。例如：
When all his money had been used23 up, Peter had to turn to a friend for help. 当他的钱全都用光时，彼得只好转而求助于一个朋友。
有时，主句和从句的谓语动词的先后关系十分明确，两个动作紧接着发生，前一动作导致后一动作，这时两者均用一般过去时即可。例如：
When the meeting24 was over, we left the hall. 散会后，我们就离开了大厅。
2. 叙述几个连续的动作用法不同
在叙述两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用and， but， so或then等连接并按时间发生的先后顺序叙述时，只需用一般过去时。例如：
She entered25 the room, turned on the light and found26 everything stolen27.
I lost my pen but soon found it.
She lost her pen, so I lent28 her mine.
但是，如果两个先后发生的动作不是按时间的顺序排列或叙述时，为明确动作发生的先后顺序，先发生的动作就得用过去完成时。例如：
The farmers were in high spirits29 because they had got another good harvest30. 农民们兴高采烈，因为他们又获得了一次好收成。
3. 表示与过去还是现在相反的情况不同
一些表示心理活动的动词，如think， know， expect， mean， hope， want， suppose等，用一般过去时可表示存在于过去而非现在的心理活动或事与愿违的情况。例如：
I didn't know you were here. 我不知道你在这儿。
而这些词的过去完成时则表示的是过去未曾实现的愿望、打算、想法或意图等。例如：
We had hoped that you would31 be able to visit us. 我们原本希望你去看我们。
相关文章：
1.英语语法里过去完成时的用法
2.初一英语语法过去完成时练习
3.关于英语过去完成时的用法
4.英语语法16种时态总结
5.初中英语语法八大时态总结
6.英语语法知识学习经验分享
过去完成时的用法相关知识讲解
编者按：过去完成时与现在完成时的用法基本相同，不同的是时间往过去推一步。下面小编就来带你一起学习下过去完成时的用法，希望对大家有帮助。
过去完成时
动词型had+过去分词
系表型had been+表语
过去完成时，主要表示在过去某个时刻(说话人说话时)之前已经发生过的动作或者存在的状况。
例如：
Yesterday morning he told me that he had receivedtwo letters of admission.
昨天上午他告诉我他已经收到了两封录取信。
(含义：这下他可以放心了，可能还会收到更多。)
Before Jane came to China, she had learnedChinese for 8 months.
在来中国之前，珍妮已经学过8个月中文。
(含义：她来中国时就能说一些中文了。)
They asked me whether I had given up halfway.
他们问我是否我已经半途放弃了。
(含义：他们对此很关注，如果我已经放弃，就劝我继续捡起来。)
模仿练习：
1.昨天晚上她说她已经找到了那块手表。
2.在汤姆来杭州前，他已经学过6个月的普通话。
3.妈妈问我是否我把书包丢了。
参考答案：
1.Yesterday evening she said that she had found her wacth.
2.BeforeTom came to Hangzhou, he had learned Mandarin for 6 moths.
3.Mother asked me whether I had lost my schoolbag.
本文作者：丹丹英语 (公众号：英语语法学习)
本文已获转载授权，版权归作者所有，如需转载，请联系原微信公众号“英语语法学习”。
英语时态语法总结归纳
英语时态语法总结归纳
时态是英语中一个重要的语法范畴，它表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态以及动作发生或存在的方式。 小编在这里整理了相关知识，快来学习学习吧!
英语时态语法总结归纳
| 一 般 | 完 成 | 进 行 | 完 成 进 行 | |
| 现 在 | 现在一般时 do | 现在完成时 have done | 现在进行时 is doing | 现在完成进行时 have been doing |
| 过 去 | 过去一般时 did | 过去完成时 had done | 过去进行时 was doing | 过去完成进行时 had been doing |
| 将 来 | 将来一般时 will do | 将来完成时 will have done | 将来进行时 will be doing | 将来完成进行时 will have been doing |
| 过去将来 | 过去将来一般时 would do | 过去将来完成时 would have done | 过去将来进行时 would be doing | 过去将来完成进行时 would have been doing |
1. 一般现在时
用法：
A) 表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。
B) 习惯用语。
C) 经常性、习惯性动作。
例：He always helps others. (他总是帮助别人。)
D) 客观事实和普遍真理。尤其要注意，如果前后文不是一般现在时，则无法保持 主句、从句时态一致。
E) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，(仅限于某些表示“来、去、动 、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词 )可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用 。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。
例：The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.
(下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。)
How often does this shuttle bus run? (这班车多久一趟?)
F) 在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在(有时也用现在完成时)表示将来事 情。
例：When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.(等你完成这份报告的时候，我就已经等了将近3个小时了。)
2. 现在进行时(be doing)
用法：现在正在进行的动作。
3. 现在完成时(have done)
用法：
A) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。
例：I bought a new house, but I _________ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.
A) didn't sell B) sold C) haven't sold D) would sell
答案是C) haven't sold。
B) 表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for 加一段时间，或by加一个现在时间。
例：Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.
A) are to challenge C) have been challenged
B) may be challenged D) are challenging
全句的意思是：“虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物，但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战，并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。”challenge是及物动词，在本句中应当是被动语态;其动作延续到今天，所以要用现在完成时态。可见答案是C) have been challenged。A) are to challenge和D) are challenging都是主动语态，不可能是答案。B) may be challenged虽然是被动语态，但意思与全句内容不合，所以不对。
C) 表示发生在过去，但对现在仍有影响的动作或情况。通常用点动词，如：arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。
例：John has broken his left leg.(约翰摔断了左腿。)
注意事项
A) 现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带。现在完成时和过去时的区别在于：现在完成时强调动作的动态，或受动态的影响，是动态的结果，对现在有影响;过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作，与现在没有联系。
例：He worked in that hospital for 8 years.(他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。这只是讲述一个过去的事实，他现在已经不在那家医院了。)
He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.(他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。表示他从过去开始工作，一直工作到现在，现在仍在那家医院工作。)
B) 因为含有for加一段时间或since加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成时，有动态和延续性的特点，所以不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词。
例：My sister has been married for 5 years.(过去分词做表语表示状态，可以延续)
My sister has married. Don't disturb her.(终端动词)
C) 在"this is the first/ second/ third…… time that……"句型里要求用完成时。
例：This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.(这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。)
D) 句型"It is/ has been……since"所使用的两种时态都正确。
例：It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.(从我上次见到他以来已经10年了。)
E) 在"no sooner than"、"hardly/ scarcely ……when"、"before"、"prior to"等句型中，主句要求完成时。
例：I haven't met that professor prior to today.(以前我从未见过那位教授。)
4. 现在完成进行时(have been doing)
用法：表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间，延续或重复地出现至今，或将继续延续至将来。
例：We have been working on this project for over a month now.(到目前为止，我们一直在处理那个项目，已经花了一个多月时间了。)
注意事项：与现在完成时相比，现在完成进行时更强调：在从过去到现在的时间里，动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。
例：1997年6月四级第45 题
It seems oil ___________ from this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.
A) had leaked B) is leaking
C) leaked D) has been leaking
从本题上下文看，这两个句子的意思是：“看来，这个管道漏油已有一段时间了，我们将不得不拆卸机器排除故障。”第二句表示将要采取的措施。第一句动作发生在第二句之前，并且延续到现在为止仍在继续。因此，空格中需用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。D) has been leaking是现在完成进行时，因此是本题的答案。有11%的考生误选了B) is leaking。由于本句有时间状语for some time，表示谓语动作延续，谓语不能用现在进行时，必须用和完成时有关的时态。有些考生误选了C) leaked或A) had leaked。是因为他们没有注意到本题第二句是一般将来时，所以第一句的谓语不能用过去时或过去完成时。
5. 一般过去时
用法：
A) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。
B) 表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型，本身表示的 就是过去时。
例：The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.(老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上，看着其他的人，一坐就是数个小时，什么也不干，也不和任何人交谈。)
He used to visit his mother once a week.(他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。)
C) 有时可代替一般现在时，表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。
例：I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?(我想向您借车用一用，可以吗?)
Would you mind my sitting here?(您介意我坐在这里吗?)
注意事项：
A) 注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组，如：yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等，绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等连用，因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系，应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。
B) used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别：你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例：used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do都对。
Used to do经常与 be used to doing sth/ sth结构进行对比。前者表示"过去常常或过去曾经"，要求加动词原形;后者表示"习惯于"，要求加名词或动名词。
6. 过去完成时(had done)
用法：表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的：表示"过去的过去的动作或状态"。
Until then, his family _________ from him for six months.
A) didn't hear C) hasn't heard B) hasn't been hearing D) hadn't heard
全句的意思是：“到那时为止，他家里已经有六个月没得到他的消息了。”由此可以看出，谓语动词的动作延续到过去的某一时刻才完成，因此谓语要用过去完成时。答案是D)。其它选项中：A) didn't hear，因为一般过去时只表示过去发生的事情或存在的状态，所以不能与时间状语for six months连用。B) hasn't been hearing，现在完成进行时表示过去某时刻继续到现在或现在还在进行的动作，与题意不符。C) hasn't heard，现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻到现在为止发生的动作。而题中的then只表示过去的某一时刻，不能表示现在时间。
注意事项：“过去的过去”这种逻辑关系常通过上下文体现出来，而不一定受某个时间状语的限制。
例：There had been someone in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.(刚才有人在我们的房间里，因为我们打开前门进来时，我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃烧的香烟。)
分析：虽然时间状语是just now，似乎应该使用一般过去时，但是“在房间里”这个状态是在"开门"和"注意"这两个过去的动作之前就存在的，所以应该用过去完成时。
7. 过去将来时(would/ should do)
用法：表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。
例：I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.(我星期四说我将于第二天拜访我的朋友。)
注意事项：由于过去将来时是由过去时和将来时组合而成的，所以其注意事项可以参考过去时和将来时的相关注意事项。
8. 过去进行时(was/ were doing)
用法：
A) 表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。
例：Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.(10分钟前，玛丽正在听轻音乐。)
B) 如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时，则另一个句子常用过去进行时。
例：I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.(你敲前门时我正在洗头发。)
注意事项：其它与将来时有关的事项请参见下面所讲的一般将来时。
9. 一般将来时
用法：
A) 基本结构是will / shall do。
例：We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.(我们将送给她一个玻璃的手工制品，作为给她的生日礼物。)
B) 有些动词，如：arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等，用于一般进行时，并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用，可以表示将来时。
例：My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.(我妈妈下周将来看我，并会呆到5月。)
C) 表示“打算去……，要……”时，可用be going to do。
例：This is just what I am going to say.(这正是我想说的。)
D) 表示“即将、正要”时，可用be about to do。强调近期内或马上要做的事。
例：Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.(别担心，我马上就给你做一次仔细的检查。)
E) "be to do"的5种用法：
a) 表示“按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。
例：She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.(星期一你准会在实验室见到她。)
b) 该做或不该做的事情(语气上接近于should, must, ought to, have to)，表示一种命令、规劝性语气。
例：You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.(孩子们，你们必须 上床睡觉，不准吵闹。我们的客人5分钟之内就要到了。)
c) 能或不能发生的事情(接近can, may)
例：How am I to pay such a debt?(我怎么可能还得起这么大的一笔债呢?)
d) 不可避免将要发生的事情，后来将要发生的事情。
例：I assure you that the matter _______ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience.
A. will be attended B. will be attended to
C. is attended D. is attended to
will be attended to关键的一点是：attend表示“处理，解决”时是不及物动词，必须与to连用。另外，从上下文看，事情显然尚未解决，所以应该用将来时的被动语态。答案是B。
e) 用于条件从句“如果……想，设想”(接近if ……want to,或if ……should)
例：Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ____________ avoided.
A) is to be B) can be C) will be D) has been
答案是A) is to be。全句的意思是：“如果要避免食品短缺，就必须作出更大努力来增加农业产量。”
F) 同样可以表示“正要、将要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。
例：The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.(教练想要放弃这场比赛了，因为对方已经射进了7个球。)
例：1999年6月四级第65题
I was _______ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.
A) in B) to C) at D) on
答案是D)。on the point of doing 是固定词组，意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是：“当他的信到的时候我正要打电话给他。”
注意事项：
在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等连词以及具有连词作用的副词(immediately, the moment, directly)等引导的状语从句，一般用现在时代替将来时。强调延续性或动态时，可用完成时。
例：I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.(我希望到明年你回来的时候，他的身体已经好多了。)
10. 将来进行时(will be doing)
用法：强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。
例：Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.(别担心，你不会认不出她的。她到时会穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的短裙。)
注意事项：由于本时态是由将来时和进行时融合在一起的，所以关于本时态的注意事项，可参考"一般将来时"和"现在进行时"的有关注意事项。
11. 将来完成时(will have done)
用法：表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态，或是发生在某个将来时间，但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。就好象把现在完成时平移到时间轴的将来时时段一样。其用法从和过去及现在有关，变成了和将来及将来的将来有关。
例：1997年1月四级第22题
The conference __________ a full week by the time it ends.
A) must have lasted B) will have lasted
C) would last D) has lasted
本题考核谓语动词的时态。全句的意思是：“会议从开始到结束将持续整整一个星期。”句中by the time it ends表示动作要延续到将来某一时刻，因此要用将来完成时。答案是B) will have lasted。如果选A)，因为情态动词must后面接动词不定式的完成时形式表示对已经发生的事情的一种肯定推测，而本句的时间状语是by the time it ends而非by the time it ended，所以犯了时态不呼应的错误。Would虽可以表示推测或可能性，但would last不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作，所以C) would last错误。因为D) has lasted是现在完成时，表示到现在为止已经完成的动作，不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作，所以也不正确。
注意事项：由于本时态是由将来时和完成时融合在一起的，所以关于本时态的注意事项，可以参考“一般将来时”和“现在完成时”的有关注意事项。
12)将来完成进行时：shall have been doing ，will have been doing
例：By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years. (到下个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。)(被动语态)
13)过去完成进行时：had been doing
例：The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.(我回到家之前，我10岁大的儿子已经把这个旧钟表拆卸并重新组装了好几回了。)(此处强调“拆卸”和“组装”这两个过去的过去的动作一直在反复进行。)(被动语态)
14) 过去将来进行时：should be doing , would be doing
例：The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.(政府承诺说第二年7月将有一条新的高速公路正在修建。)(此句的时间状语是具体的将来时间，所以最好用将来进行时。)(此句为被动语态)
15) 过去将来完成时：should have done , would have done
例：I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.(我坚信到那年年底为止，那个软件的新版本将被开发出来。但是我错了。)(此句为被动语态)
16) 过去将来完成进行时：should have been doing , would have been doing
例：They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years. (他们说到第二个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。)
提升幸福指数的20小瞬间(双语阅读)
It's time to tap into your everyday joy.
是时候挖掘一下你每天的乐趣啦。
Big moments in life — weddings, births, new jobs, graduations — are special, but appreciating the smaller, daily occurrences can really maintain your happiness.
生活中的重要时刻——婚礼、诞生、新工作、毕业，无疑都是特别的，但是对日常生活中发生的那些不起眼的小事报以感激，可以真正让你保持快乐。
Here we've rounded up some tiny, joyful moments that never fail to lift everyone's mood. There's glee to be found in even the smallest circumstances:
这里，我们整理了一些一定会使每个人情绪高昂的快乐小瞬间。甚至在那些最不起眼的境况中，也会发现快乐：
1. When your boss gives you a compliment. Genuine compliments are way more meaningful than superficial praise. If your boss gives you sincere accolades for your work on something, you know they mean it.
1、当你老板称赞你的时候。真正的称赞是比肤浅的表扬更有意义的方式。如果你的老板因你的工作表现而真心称赞你，你知道他们是认真的。
2. An upbeat conversation with a stranger. Research shows that social interactions with strangers can boost feelings of happiness.
2、与陌生人的一次愉快对话。研究表明与陌生人的社交互动可以增加幸福感。
3. Finding a parking space in a crowded lot.
3、在一个拥挤的地方找到了一个停车位。
4. When the weather is perfect. That skip in your step on a spring day isn't all in your head. Studies suggest weather has an influence on your mood.
4、当天气非常好的时候。春日里，你走在路上时轻快的蹦跳并不是你脑海中所想的。研究表明天气会影响你的情绪。
5. Taking a warm shower. Ahhh. Not only is it relaxing, it may help regulate your body temperature for better sleep.
5、来一次暖和的淋浴。啊啊啊~淋浴不仅能使人放松，而且可以帮助你调节体温、改善睡眠质量。
6. When your favorite artist comes out with new music. Music has a direct influence on your mood — even sad songs can evoke positive emotions. Turn the volume up.
6、当你最喜爱的音乐家出新专辑的时候。音乐能直接影响你的情绪——甚至悲伤音乐也能激发积极情绪。把音量开大点。
7. Finding money in your pocket. It's like your own miniature version of winning the lottery.
7、在口袋里找到钱。这就像你自己的彩票中奖迷你版本。
8. When you finally get some peace and quiet. A little silence is good for your soul. Research suggests it could relieve stress and give your brain a much-needed break.
8、当你终于平静一些的时候。沉默一会儿对你的心灵是有好处的。研究表明它可以释放压力并让你急需休息的大脑放松一下。
9. Snail mail. There's just something about a tangible invitation or letter that brings glee. It's way better than your inbox — which inevitably stresses you out.
9、邮寄信件。一些有形的邀请或信件会带来欢乐。这是比电子邮件更好的方式，因为(电子邮箱中的)邮件必然会让你紧张。
10. The first few moments after a fresh snowfall. Is there anything more serene?
10、刚下过雪的那一瞬间。还有什么比这更能使人平静的吗?
11. Crawling into bed with fresh sheets. There's just something about a well-made bed that instantly puts your mind at ease.
11、爬上铺着新床单的床。一张铺好的床瞬间就让你觉得舒适。
12. When you cut a mango or avocado perfectly around the pit. Sweet, sweet success.
12、当你完美地沿着果核切开一个芒果或牛油果的时候。甜蜜的成就。
13. When someone surprises you with flowers. Any expression of gratitude — whether you're on the giving or receiving end — can improve your well-being.
13、当某人用鲜花给你惊喜的时候。任何致谢——不论你是给予的一方或收获的一方——都能增加幸福感。
14. When you recognize someone wearing your favorite team's jersey or in another country. Hive fives all around.
14、当你发现有人穿着你最喜爱队伍的队服或是在另一个国家看到这样一个人的时候。跟周围的人击掌吧~
15. The feeling you get after booking a trip. Start packing. Research shows planning a vacation can boost your happiness.
15、在预定了一趟旅行后你体会到的感受。开始打包。研究表明计划一次休假可以增加幸福感。
16. Listening to a baby giggle. Honestly, there's no better sound in the world. Go on and laugh with them — studies show laughing can boost your happiness and even lower your blood pressure.
16、听听婴儿的笑声。老实说，世界上没有比这更动听的声音了。听着并跟他们一起笑吧!研究表明大笑能增加幸福感，甚至能降血压。
17. The look on your pet's face when they see you. Now that's unconditional love. Research shows pet ownership makes you happier.
17、当你的宠物看到你时他们脸上的表情。那就是无条件的爱。研究表明拥有宠物能增加幸福感。
18. Having a really good date with a loved one. It could be a significant other or just your best friend. Hanging with the special people in your life can reduce stress.
18、跟你喜爱的一个人来一次真正美好的约会。可以是对你很重要的一个人或者只是你最好的朋友。跟你生命中特别的人一起闲逛能减轻压力。
19. When your food comes at a restaurant. One word: mouthwatering.
19、当在饭店里你点的食物上桌的时候。一句话：令人垂涎。
20. The moment when you realize you're incredibly content. A day with no complaints? That's the good stuff. Happiness looks good on you.
20、当你意识到你非常满足的瞬间。一天都没有抱怨?那很不错。你幸福的样子看起来很不错。
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